SELF-PUBLISHING

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Page updated/links checked: 2/22/2025

Overview: The Evolution of Self-Publishing
Issues to Consider
The Challenges of Print
Self-Publishing or Traditional Publishing?
Bad Reasons to Choose Self-Publishing
Cautions
A Special Warning: Publishing Scams From Overseas
Resources

Overview: The Evolution of Self-Publishing *

Until relatively recently, if you wanted to self-publish, you faced a labor-intensive and costly process.

You had to handle every aspect of producing your book yourself, including hiring and overseeing editor(s), designer, cover artist, and printer. You had to order a print run, which meant you also needed somewhere to store a lot of boxes. Then, at the end of all that work and expense, you had to find a way to get your book into readers’ hands—an uphill struggle, since bookstore and library distribution wasn’t available to individual authors, and paid publishing carried a powerful stigma.

Except for authors who had direct access to a niche audience, or were extraordinarily talented promoters, or simply caught a lucky break, it was a rare self-publisher who ever came close to recouping his or her investment.

Things began to change in the mid-1990’s, with the appearance of the first internet-based publishing service providers. These took advantage of a then-new digital technology called print-on-demand, which eliminated the necessity of traditional high-volume print runs by making it possible for books to be produced one at a time.

The new publishing service providers made self-publishing simple: all you had to do was upload your manuscript, choose an interior format and a cover, and the service turned your book into a digital file that could be printed and bound when ordered and never had to be stored or warehoused. They were also inexpensive to use: since the entire process was automated, and production costs could be recouped at the point of sale, the services could keep fees low and still make a profit.

The resulting books were flimsy and cheap-looking—early books from Xlibris, one of the first print-on-demand publishing service providers, didn’t even have cover images—and available only from the services’ websites. Building a readership did not become easier—bookstores were no more interested than before in shelving pay-to-publish books, especially when those books didn’t carry standard wholesale discounts and weren’t returnable. But for the first time ever, authors could self-publish with relative ease and at minimal cost and without stacks of book boxes in their basements.

Through the late 1990’s and into the first years of the twenty-first century, publishing service providers continued to evolve. Books became orderable from online retailers like Amazon and Barnes & Noble. Many services added an ebook option–though ebooks, back then, were a niche market with very limited readership.

Other options expanded as well—not always to authors’ benefit, as the services realized they could make a huge profit by offering premium-priced (and dubiously effective) marketing services. Fees ballooned: some services were still cheap, and a tiny few were free, but others offered packages costing nearly as much as the old-fashioned print vanity publishers.

What didn’t change: the challenge of discoverability. The pay-to-publish stigma was still alive and well–and together with high cover prices (per unit, print-on-demand is an expensive production method, and POD books must be priced higher than offset-printed ones in order to make a profit) and limited availability (online and special order only), the average self-publisher was lucky to make more than a few hundred sales over the lifetime of his or her book.

Then, in 2007, Amazon introduced the Kindle, and with it, the first exclusively electronic self-publishing platform: Kindle Direct Publishing. KDP offered a new self-publishing paradigm: it was ebook only; it was free; and it granted self-publishers control over the pricing of their books (something they didn’t have with the POD-based publishing service providers).

Even more important, it gave them access to the exact same channels traditional publishers used to distribute ebooks. Self-publishers could now launch electronic editions into a marketplace where the two biggest shortcomings of print self-publishing—high cover prices and  limited availability—simply didn’t exist.

Of course, none of this would have mattered much if ebooks had remained the tiny, enthusiast-only market that they were pre-Kindle. But as we all know, the Kindle was the tipping point. Ebooks took off—and digital self-publishing with them.

Self-publishing is still a difficult, demanding way to go–at least, for authors with commercial and career ambitions. As with any form of publishing, major success is still tough to achieve. But for the savvy, motivated, entrepreneurial author, self-publishing has become a viable career choice.

Today’s self-publishers are building audiences and making money; they’re receiving traditional publishing offers—and sometimes refusing them—and crafting innovative distribution and subsidiary rights deals. Self-published books represent a commanding portion of overall sales, particularly in genre fiction. Hybrid career models that combine traditional and self-publishing are common.

There are still many pitfalls and “bewares,” however—some arising from technological and logistical issues, and others, paradoxically, from self-publishing’s explosive popularity. The sections that follow address these.

* The above is adapted from my Introduction to Choosing a Self-Publishing Service.

Issues to Consider

There are several options for self-publishing. Which you choose will depend on your goals, your budget, and whether you’re comfortable with DIY.

– Retailers’ free self-publishing platforms. Amazon makes it possible (and free) to self-publish to the Kindle via Kindle Direct Publishing. KDP is unquestionably the biggest platform–by far–but there are others, including Barnes & Noble Press, Apple Books, and Rakuten Kobo’s Kobo Writing Life.

– Book distributors/aggregators. These services allow you to self-publish to multiple platforms and retailers, and may provide conversion and formatting as well. Some are free, making their money by taking a cut of your earnings; others charge fees. Draft2Digital, IngramSpark, and StreetLib are examples.

To reach the widest possible audience, many self-publishers use both a platform and an aggregator.

– Self-publishing service providers. These companies offer more of a soup-to-nuts option, taking care of conversion, formatting, cover art, etc.–all the things you’d have to do on your own with the other two options.  Most distribute to a wide variety of retailers and platforms.

The downside is an often-hefty fee and less flexibility and control. Also, while there are reliable providers, there’s widespread shadiness of this segment of the self-publishing industry (see the paragraphs on Author Solutions in the Cautions section, below).

There are some other things to think about as well. (This is a very general overview; in the Resources section, you’ll find links to websites, articles, and experts that will help you go in-depth.)

Ebook only, or ebook plus print?

The majority of sales for most self-publishers comes from ebooks. However, there are good reasons to also publish in print.

It gives readers alternatives, which is always beneficial. Plus, if you have direct access to your audience, a print edition can help you reach them. You may have a way of selling directly to customers (a chef who wants to make a cookbook available in their restaurant, for instance), or of exploiting “back of the room” situations (someone who lectures or conducts workshops and can sell books at those occasions).

Even so, many authors choose to forgo what’s typically a low-selling option for self-publishers (see the section on the challenges of print, below), and publish exclusively in ebook form. There’s no right or wrong here—but it is something you need to think about.

DIY or package?

Should you DIY via KDP or IngramSpark or a similar platform, or buy a package from publishing service provider that will do it all for you? DIY is more work but gives you more control; buying a package may be easier but can be expensive, and publishing service providers are not always reliable. Again, there’s no right or wrong, but you do need to carefully investigate your options.

Investment

If you use KDP, IngramSpark, or another of the free options, self-publishing doesn’t have to cost a penny.

That’s probably fine if writing is just a hobby. But if you’re serious about launching a career, you do need to consider investing resources in the services necessary to produce a professional, high-quality book. Today’s self-publishing is a crowded and extremely competitive field, in which authors have to work as hard to stand out as any of their trad-pubbed brethren. To do that, quality editing, design, cover art, and marketing are musts.

It’s not hard to find freelancers who are offering these services, often at very reasonable prices that will cost you far less than the inflated packages sold by self-publishing service providers. (See the Resources section for links to help you find service providers.) Hiring freelancers is an area in which you really need to be careful, though–not just of potential scams but of unqualified people. See the Cautions section, below.

For a more detailed discussion of the potential costs of self-publishing, see this article from author and self-publishing expert Joanna Penn.

Terms and Conditions

Any self-pub platform/service provider will have Terms and Conditions or Terms of Use to which you must agree in order to use the service. Be sure to read these carefully—and make sure you understand them. They typically give the platform sweeping powers over your books and your account—including the right to delete either or both for violation of often vaguely-stated content guidelines—and the right to make changes to these terms at will, including changes in payment.

Some examples: the Great Erotica Panic of 2013, in which Amazon, Barnes & Noble, and other retailers deleted hundreds of self-published ebooks over content guidelines violations; Amazon’s 2014 reduction in royalty rates for self-published audiobooks; and the recent controversy over Audible ACX’s reader returns program.

Market and genre

Self-publishing works best for fiction in general, and genre fiction in particular. For instance, in a 2017 annual survey from Smashwords (now merged with Draft2Digital), romance accounted for 73% of best-selling titles, with fantasy next at 9%, and YA following at 5%. Over 87% of Smashwords’ sales were fiction, and series titles sold better than standalones, especially if the first book was free.

Things hadn’t changed much in 2021, according to a report by K-Lytics, a site that closely tracks Amazon Kindle sales. Fiction far outsold nonfiction, and romance, mystery/thriller/suspense, and science fiction/fantasy led sales in all fiction categories, with YA and children’s books trailing behind. Memoirs and self-help books–genres popular with self-publishers but not with readers–were even farther down the list.

Draft2Digital offers similar statistics for 2022. Romance represents 55% of its unit sales, with mysteries, fantasy, science fiction, and thrillers all among the to 25 most popular categories.

What kind of book you’ve written, therefore, should figure into your decision on whether and how to self-publish.

Competition

As already noted, the explosive growth of self-publishing has attracted legions of authors, creating an intensely crowded marketplace where it’s harder than ever to stand out. Be aware that you’re launching yourself into a crowded and highly competitive field.

The Challenges of Print

As noted above, there are good reasons to have a print edition (though never only print). Print is a challenging format for self-publishers, though.

Distribution

Some authors choose to self-publish in print because they hope to gain brick-and-mortar bookstore and/or library presence. However, limited distribution and nonstandard sales practices make that difficult.

Most self-pub platforms/service providers offer a mix of online and wholesale distribution. But for placement in libraries and brick-and-mortar stores, a direct sales component is needed, such as a distributor with a sales team that sells books directly to the people who acquire for those outlets. Without this, libraries and physical booksellers are unlikely to know your book exists. This is a frequent source of disappointment for authors, who often assume that wholesale distribution will lead to bookstore presence.

Another potential disadvantage for print self-published books: by long tradition, booksellers are accustomed to a particular set of buying protocols, which include discounts of 40% or more, 60- or 90-day billing, and full returnability. Self-publishing platforms/service providers don’t necessarily offer industry-standard discounts, and most require that orders be pre-paid. And while some services do set up returnability if you pay an extra fee, it may be a restrictive policy that booksellers won’t find attractive–or you may have to eat the cost of returns.

For a more detailed look at distribution issues for self-publishers, see this article by editor and publishing industry expert Jane Friedman.

High cover prices

Self-pub platforms/service providers use print-on-demand technology to produce print books, which allows books to be printed one at a time or in small lots, rather than in larger print runs of several hundred or several thousand. Because it can’t take advantage of economies of scale, though, POD is a more expensive printing process, per unit, than traditional offset printing–meaning that POD books often must be priced higher than their offset-printed counterparts in order to cover costs and yield a profit.

Self-publishing platforms/service providers recoup their production expense and overhead at the point of sale, by including them in a book’s retail price. Even where authors are allowed to set their own retail prices, they must do so on top of a fixed production cost. The more paper it takes to produce the book, the more expensive it will be–so if your book is very long, it may cost more–possibly a lot more–than a similar book from a traditional publisher, which can be a disincentive for readers.

Poor physical quality

POD-produced books can be almost indistinguishable from offset-printed trade paperbacks. But some self-pub service providers skimp on paper and cover stock, and don’t pay enough attention to production standards. Books from these companies can be shoddy in appearance, with covers that curl and pages that fall out as you’re reading them (a good reason to order a book or two from any platform or provider you’re thinking of using, so you can assess quality).

Self-Publishing or Traditional Publishing?

Publishing industry expert Jane Friedman breaks publishing down into ten key paths, broadly categorized as traditional (including Big 5 houses such as Penguin Random House, smaller presses, and academic publishers) and non-traditional (including DIY self-publishing, publishing service providers, and so-called hybrid publishers).

There are meaningful distinctions to be made between all of them, but they really boil down to a binary choice: self-publish or publish traditionally?

It’s a somewhat polarizing question. Many self-publishing advocates portray traditional publishing as backward, elitist, and abusive. Traditional publishers, they say, hold writers’ rights captive and add no value beyond, possibly, print distribution. Self-publishing, on the other hand, is at the forefront of digital innovation, offers unlimited freedom and control, and pays better (at least, on a per-book basis).

In the traditional publishing community, there are still those who see self-publishing as a gigantic slush pile, a realm of narcissistic losers unleashing a tsunami of bad writing on the world. They decry the cheapening of literature and the loss of traditional values. They dismiss self-publishing successes as flukes and outliers.

These biased views miss the point of the self-publishing revolution—that writers now have options. Where once it was traditional publishing or nothing, now there are multiple possible paths to publication and success. The great thing about being an author in the twenty-first century is that you get to choose.

Both self-publishing and traditional publishing offer benefits and disadvantages. Which is best for you depends on your needs and goals. They’re also not mutually exclusive–plenty of writers are choosing to utilize both, self-publishing some books and traditionally publishing others.

Some tips for making this very important decision–especially for first-time authors:

Understand your options. Invest some time in learning and research, to make sure you have a solid basic knowledge of the advantages and disadvantages of both self-publishing and traditional publishing. Unless you are familiar with the whole range of options available to you, you can’t truly make an informed decision.

Think about what kind of writer you are. What you write, how you write, and where you are in your writing journey all should factor into your choice. Are you prolific or slow? Self-publishing can be a good choice for prolific writers, but in a world of short attention spans, slow writers may find it harder to build an audience. Do you write genre fiction or literary fiction? Self-publishing can work well for genre writers, but for literary fiction, the traditional publishing route may be a better way to go.

Decide how comfortable you are with DIY. Regardless of what method you use to self-publish, successful self-publishing is entrepreneurship. It’s also a lot of work: self-publishers must not only do everything an author does, they must do everything a publisher does. For authors who like being their own bosses, that may be ideal. For those who aren’t comfortable with the idea of running their own businesses, traditional publishing may be a better option.

Be skeptical of the hype. There’s a tremendous amount of hype and proselytizing around self-publishing, and not all the information you may find is accurate, complete, or representative. Beware of self-publishing evangelists who claim that any author can make a living by self-publishing, or who present self-publishing as the only viable (or honorable) route to success, or who spend a lot of time decrying the horrors of the traditional publishing model. Ignore traditional publishing Scrooges who portray self-publishing as an endless slush pile or complain about the dumbing down of literature.

For more considerations on choosing which path to take, see this article by author and former literary agent Nathan Bransford: Self-Publishing vs. Traditional Publishing: How to Choose.

Self-publishing is an option and a choice. Like traditional publishing, it isn’t right for everyone. Which you select should depend on your abilities, your goals, and your writing…not on someone else’s word for what’s “right” or “best”. There’s only what’s right or best for you.

Bad Reasons to Choose Self-Publishing

There are good reasons to choose self-publishing. There are also bad ones.

Because you think traditional publishers aren’t interested in new writers. This is false. Every publisher is looking for the next big thing, and they are well aware that breakout authors often come from the ranks of the previously unpublished. If you have a marketable manuscript (which really is the biggest “if” for any author), never having been published before won’t prejudice your chances.

Because someone told you that self-publishing is the best route to success. It may be the best route for some authors, but not for all, and not necessarily for you. Make your own decisions.

Because you think it’s easier. If you just want to slap your unedited manuscript up on Amazon, self-publishing is indeed pretty easy. If you want to produce a professional product, however, there’s a lot of work involved. From hiring editors and copy editors, to procuring cover art, to marketing and promotion, you must take on the entire burden–and expense–of the services that a traditional publisher would provide for you.

Because you’re impatient. Self-publishing will get your work on the market a lot faster than traditional publishing will. But it still requires time and care to create and market a quality product. Rushing a book into the world doesn’t benefit you–or readers.

Because you don’t want an editor tampering with your golden prose. Every writer needs an editor. If you want your self-published book to stand out in an extremely competitive market, hiring a competent editor is one of the best investments you can make. (There’s more on editing, along with tips on vetting freelance editors, at Writer Beware’s Editors page.)

Because you want to make a living. Many authors are making good money–or even getting rich–from self-publishing books. Will you be one of them? Maybe–but there are no guarantees. As with traditional publishing, self-publishing is not a golden ticket. The battle against obscurity must be fought by all writers, no matter how they decide to publish.

Because you think it will make you totally independent. Self-publishing gives you far more control than traditional publishing does. But you’re still subject to the policies and content guidelines of whatever service or platform you use–and if you violate those policies or guidelines, they can make you disappear. You’re only as independent as your service provider will allow you to be.

Cautions

The growth of self-publishing options has spawned an explosion of services aimed at self-publishers. Problem is, not all of them are worthwhile–or honest.

Always check the reputation of any service provider you’re thinking of using. Good resources for doing that: the Bewares, Recommendations, and Background Check forum at Absolute Write, the Alliance of Independent Authors’ annotated list of self-publishing service providers, and the Kindle boards.

Scams

They’re out there. Some examples, drawn from Writer Beware’s files:

Bait and switch editing schemes, where someone posing as a reader contacts a writer about (sometimes imaginary) errors in his or her book.

Pay-to-play magazines that charge enormous fees for author ads and features.

Conman publicists, soliciting successful self-publishers, taking the money and running.

Pay-to-play bookstores, where shelf space costs an arm and a leg.

Junk marketing–cheap to provide, sold at a huge markup, and of dubious value for book promotion. Examples: press releases, video trailers, paid interviews and book reviews, book fair representation, social media marketing.

Profiteering writing contests that aren’t about honoring writers, but about making money for the contest sponsor.

Book to Screen packages that charge a premium for services that won’t help you sell movie rights.

Unqualified/inexperienced service providers

Like unqualified literary agents, unqualified editors, publicists, designers, and artists are often entirely well-intentioned, but just don’t have the skills to do a professional job. They may seem appealing because their fees are often lower than the professionals’, but don’t be tempted–you get what you pay for.

Always check the credentials of any service provider you’re thinking of hiring (and those of their staff). People who offer a service should have work experience that’s relevant to the service they’re offering. A love of reading, a degree in English, or a career as a teacher doesn’t necessarily qualify someone to be an editor, for example. If you can’t find information on a provider’s background, or you request it and encounter resistance or refusal, walk away. (See the Editors page for more, including how to vet a freelance editor.)

Look for samples of their work (book covers they’ve designed, books they’ve edited, etc.; a reputable provider should be glad to share this information). Ask for references. Plug their names into search engines to see if you can find recommendations or complaints (here’s a horror story to illustrate how important this is). Check Absolute Write. Email Writer Beware; we’ll tell you if we’ve gotten any complaints.

Marketing packages

Almost all self-publishing service providers sell marketing services and packages. These are typically heavily based on junky, ineffective methods, or on things you could do yourself (setting up and maintaining social media accounts, creating websites). This is an extremely lucrative area for publishing service providers, since most of these items are cheap to provide and can be sold at a substantial markup. For writers, however, they are rarely worth their often exorbitant price tags.

Other marketing strategies to avoid range from the pointless (posting your book and/or information about you on websites the marketer owns–the odds that such websites will get much traffic is slim) to the exploitative (offering you vanity radio spots, or interviewing you for the marketer’s own radio and TV shows–these shows are often on public access channels or stream online, and have tiny audiences) to the downright deceptive (claiming to pitch your book to Hollywood producers or market it to traditional publishers–this may entail a spam-style mass-mail approach or a listing in a catalog-style publication, but either way it will be ignored).

And they can be eye-poppingly expensive. For instance, AuthorHouse charges more than $4,000 to produce a “premium book video”.

Beware also of the many marketing and PR services that aggressively solicit authors with out-of-the-blue offers of promotional services. Many of these sound too good to be true…because they are. Most such services are scams. See A Special Warning, below.

Deceptive self-publishing service providers

Self-publishing service providers can be quite deceptive in the way they present themselves, implying a greater potential for success than actually exists, glossing over the challenges of self-publishing, and overstating the value of the overpriced, ineffective marketing services they sell. Others are outright scams.

When evaluating publishing service providers, it’s important to remember that you are a customer purchasing a product–not a writer selected by a publisher. Sales pitches are not intended to benefit you, but to motivate you to pull out your credit card. Be skeptical of promises. Investigate before you buy.

See this article from author Joel Pitney for some helpful cautions: Hybrid Publishers and Paid Publishing Services: Red Flags to Watch For.

A special case: Author Solutions

The Author Solutions conglomerate owns a galaxy of assisted self-publishing imprints, including iUniverse, Xlibris, Trafford, AuthorHouse, Palibrio, Partridge, and Booktango. Author Solutions and its imprints have among the largest number of author complaints, and poorest reputation, of any similar company in terms of customer service, product quality, and transparency.

This blog post, which I wrote in 2012 after Author Solutions was purchased by Pearson (the former parent company of Penguin), provides a rundown on these and other problems. Pearson sold Author Solutions to a venture capital company at the end of 2015, but other than that, nothing has changed.

Author Solutions is notorious not just for quality issues, but for its hard-sell sales tactics and its out-of-the-blue solicitations. It employs a variety of deceptive marketing tactics to promote its services, including sockpuppet social media accounts and an extensive network of “publisher-matching” websites whose sole purpose is to steer authors to Author Solutions imprints. While it was owned by Pearson, it aggressively used the connection with Penguin in sales calls, falsely suggesting that using an Author Solutions imprint would get authors closer to a Big 5 publisher.

In addition to its branded imprints, Author Solutions runs an array of assisted self-publishing divisions for traditional publishers: West Bow Press (Thomas Nelson/Zondervan), Balboa Press (Hay House), Archway Publishing (Simon & Schuster), and LifeRich Publishing (Reader’s Digest Association).

These divisions all emphasize their connection with their parent publishers, and Writer Beware often hears from writers who believe that choosing Balboa Press will give them access to Hay House’s marketing department, or that their books will become part of Simon & Schuster’s distribution network if they use Archway Publishing. Again, this is deceptive marketing. Simon & Schuster and the rest collect a percentage of profits, but otherwise have no hand in running the divisions, which are entirely administered and staffed by Author Solutions.

As DIY self-publishing, via KDP, Smashwords, etc., has grown in popularity, the customer base for Author Solutions and its imitators has shrunk. As of 2018, output for all Author Solutions imprints, including those it runs for traditional publishers, had dropped by more than half since its high point in 2011.

A Special Warning: Publishing Scams From Overseas

An extraordinary number of publishing scams are based overseas, primarily in India, Pakistan, and the Philippines. They operate in English-language markets–mostly North America, but also the UK and Australia–and almost exclusively target writers who’ve self-published, or who are looking for self-publishing assistance.

They acquire clients via aggressive phone and email solicitation, as well as highly deceptive advertising (notably on Facebook). Publishing, editing, design, marketing, and other services–often for reasonable fees–are designed to draw writers in so they can be subjected to intense pressure to spend more money on additional items, or targeted for  fraud in the form of fake publishing contracts. movie rights offers, book order scams, and more–all requiring large upfront fees.

Delivered services are often of substandard quality, and long delays–which give the scammer more time to pressure the writer to spend more money–are common. Alternatively, the scammer may simply take the money and run, or cut off contact after publishing the writer’s book and never provide royalty statements or payments. Scammers that do business under multiple names may repeatedly target the same authors. Writers who ask too many questions, or balk at spending more money, may simply be ghosted.

Some overseas scammers pose as literary agents who say they can transition writers to traditional publishing or win them a lucrative film deal (all for an upfront fee, of course, which real agents don’t charge). Others brazenly impersonate industry professionals–Big 5 publishers, reputable agencies, film production companies, even bookstores–with elaborate bait-and-switch scams (want that terrific movie deal? First you have to buy a screenplay) that bilk writers out of tens, or even hundreds of thousands of dollars. (Writer Beware maintains a list of the most frequently impersonated companies and individuals.)

Recently, the CEO and VP of one of the most predatory of these scams, a “publishing” company based in the Philippines called PageTurner Press and Media, were arrested in California and charged with multiple counts of fraud. For the most part, though, overseas publishing scams fly below the radar of law enforcement, and accountability is rare.

The many posts I’ve written about overseas publishing scams can be seen here.

There is a small silver lining, though. While there are hundreds of scams of this type, they mostly pull from the same playbook, using the same recruitment tactics and running the same range of frauds. As a result, they’re reasonably easy to identify, as long as you know what to watch for.

– Cold-call solicitations. Out-of-the-blue emails and phone calls are one of the major ways overseas scammers seek to acquire clients. Especially if the solicitation purports to come from a literary agent, publisher, or film production company, it is highly likely to be a fraud: real, reputable literary agents rarely reach out to authors they don’t represent, and large publishers and film companies never do. The head of MGM, for example, won’t phone you with an offer to buy your book rights, nor will Macmillan surprise you with a publishing contract.

If you are self-published, you’re a target: it’s almost inevitable that you’ll hear from a scammer at some point. As a result, ANY publishing or movie rights-related email or phone call that you can’t directly connect to a query you sent or a contact you made should be treated with extreme caution.

Scammer sales reps can be insanely persistent and aggressive. Not giving up if you don’t respond or if you tell them to get lost is another warning sign.

– Facebook ads. This is the other main client acquisition strategy for overseas scammers. Hundreds (no, I am not exaggerating that number) of publishing scams run ads on Facebook. Obviously not every publishing ad is a scam, but so many of them are that it’s always smarter not to click.

– Re-publishing or “re-branding” offers. Overseas scammers commonly try to poach authors who are already self-published (often with Author Solutions imprints). They claim they can do a better job of publishing the author’s book, or price the book better, or provide greater credibility.

Price tags for re-publishing/re-branding range from a few hundred to a few thousand dollars. Sometimes it’s offered “free” with the purchase of something else, such as a PR campaign. Either way, it’s a gateway to your bank account. The scammer’s true aim, once they get you in the door, is to convince you to spend more money–whether through aggressive pressure to buy more and more services, or the kind of expensive, fraudulent schemes mentioned above.

– Ghostwriting or book writing services. Not all ghostwriting services are scams, obviously.  But almost all of the India- and Pakistan-based publishing scams include ghostwriting or book writing in their offerings. Together with one or more of the other warning signs, the presence of ghostwriting services is a strong scam indicator.

– Fees for things that normally don’t require them. Reputable literary agents, publishers, and production companies do not charge upfront fees or sell services to potential clients. No payment or purchase should ever be required as part of the process of rights acquisition.

A publishing contract should not be contingent on paying for a book trailer or “book returns insurance“, for example. Agency representation should not require you to shell out for “book licensing” or a “separation of book rights order” or any other product or service. A real production company won’t make you buy a screenplay or a pitch deck in order for your film rights to be optioned.

– Phone solicitors and other staff with American-sounding names but foreign accents. Scam sales reps use Americanized aliases to disguise the fact that they are calling from overseas. They typically speak fluent English, but have Indian, Pakistani, or Philippine accents.

– English-language errors on websites and in emails. The scams are owned and staffed primarily by people for whom English is a second language. Grammar and syntax errors were once a major scam marker in emails and on websites, but this is much less common than it used to be, thanks to ChatGPT and other AI-assisted writing tools.. Scammers can now easily produce impeccably business-formal emails, convincing contracts, and literate book reviews.

Telltale mistakes still show up, though, in the form of small lapses in website text, or if the scammer has to go off-script in email communications. So it’s still an important indicator that shouldn’t be overlooked.

– Dceptive business names. Scam companies want to confuse you, so they often use the names, or elements of the names, of real publishers. Penguin Book Writers, for example, or Macmillan Book Publishing, or Wiley Book Publishing.

Don’t confuse these frauds for the real thing. If you’re unsure, do a websearch (or contact Writer Beware). Also check the bottom of the company website for small-print disclaimers, which some scammers with deceptive names include.

– False use of the Amazon name and/or Amazon trademarks. Kindle eBook Publishing, Amazon Publishing Pro, Amazon Publishing Prime, Amazon Self-Publishing, KDP Propublisher…the list goes on. Scammers use these deceptive company names to hoodwink writers into believing they’re working with an Amazon-affiliated company, or with Amazon itself.

Amazon has only two publishing ventures: Kindle Direct Publishing, or KDP, for self-publishing; and Amazon Publishing, aka APub, its traditional publishing division. Neither charges any fees or sells any services. If there’s a money demand, you’re not dealing with an Amazon company, but with a scam.

– Claims of expertise that can’t be verified–in the absence of any information about company staff or owners–or that turn out to be false. Many scammers create fake staff lists using made-up biographies and stock or AI-generated photos  (reverse image search engines like Google Lens or Tineye.com and AI detectors like Sightimage can help identify these), or stolen names of real agents and editors (a websearch will unmask this deception).

– Provable falsehoods. If a company makes claims on its website, it makes sense to investigate.  Do they boast that they’ve been in business for ten years? Check domain registration info–you can do that here by pasting in the company’s URL–to see if it matches.

Does the company show book covers on its website? Don’t take them at face value. Pakistan-based publishing scams frequently falsely claim extensive “portfolios”–often of books published years before the scam even existed.

Does the company host an array of testimonials? Take a closer look. Scammers may use stock photos (see above for links to image search engines), or the attributions are first name only (i.e., unverifiable), or the name may not match the gender of the photo, or the testimonial may reference a different company entirely.

Is there a business address? Can you verify it, and if so, is it credible? Scammers often borrow the address of whatever corporation creation service they used (Delaware and Wyoming are hubs for such services), or the address may turn out to be a virtual office or a PO Box provider, or it may someone’s home or apartment. Or it may not exist at all.

– A catalog of junk marketing services, and heavy pressure to buy. Press releases. paid book review packages, book fair exhibits. Ingram catalog listings. Hollywood book-to-screen packages, social media posts, vanity radio and TV interviews: these and more are junk marketing, PR services of dubious value and effectiveness that are cheap to provide and can be sold at a huge markup. Not every company that offers such services is a scam–but many scammers do sell them, so in combination with one or more of the other warning signs, they can be a scam marker. Plus, even where not sold by fraudsters, such marketing services are a poor investment.

Resources

If you do a websearch on any aspect of self-publishing, you’ll find a bewildering amount of information, much of it paid advertising or thinly-disguised self-promotion by paid service providers and online hucksters. It can be hard to figure out whom to trust.

The resources below–all of which are from reliable sources that have been checked by Writer Beware–will hopefully help you cut through the noise.

Finding a Publishing Service Provider or Platform, Checking Reputations

  • The Writer Beware blog provides alerts and cautions on publishing service providers (and a lot else). To see if we’ve written anything about a company you’re interested in, plug its name into the search box.
  • E-mail Writer Beware. We’ve assembled a large archive of documentation on companies and services that engage in questionable practices. Send us the names of any company or service you’d like to know about, and we’ll summarize for you any data that’s in our files. If we have no information, we’ll let you know that too.

Expert Self-Publishing Info and Advice

  • The blog of author and authors’ advocate David Gaughran is an excellent information source on self-publishing and issues of interest to self-publishers.  He offers a helpful free introductory course called Starting From Zero, along with recommendations on service providers such as editors, designers, etc.
  • Author Joanna Penn offers advice on self-publishing, marketing, and writing at The Creative Penn.
  • Dave Chesson’s Kindlepreneur is a free resource providing advice and info on writing, formatting, design, marketing, and many other aspects of self-publishing.
  • Carla King’s Your Publishing Compass offers paid courses, but there’s also a wealth of helpful free content on her website.
  • Self Publishing Formula, helmed by author Mark Dawson, also offers paid courses, but the informative podcasts and other content are free.

Facts and Figures For Self-Publishers

  • K-Lytics is a site that closely tracks sales on Amazon Kindle, breaking sales down monthly by category and genre. It also tracks bestsellers in various genres, and produces special reports that drill down into subgenres. It’s a wealth of up-to-the-minute information–and is correspondingly pricey to subscribe. If you’re a career-minded self-publisher, though, the info here is gold.
  • In 2023, the Alliance of Independent Authors conducted an income survey of over 2,000 self-publishers. Key findings are summarized here.
  • A 2023 survey of US authors by the Authors Guild includes information on self-publishers’ income.
  • The 2024 Indie Author Survey from Written Word Media (the people behind Freebooksy) received 1,500 responses and covers income, genre, marketing, pricing, and much more.

General Resources

  • The Kboards–news and discussion from Kindle self-publishers. This is a treasure trove of information on just about every aspect of self-publishing.
  • From author and editor Jane Friedman, Start Here: How to Self-Publish Your Book. From editing to design to distribution to marketing, this is a really comprehensive resource (as is Jane’s website overall).
  • Indie Pub 101 is SFWA’s comprehensive resource on self-publishing, created by successful self-publishers (it’s not specific to speculative fiction writers).
  • The Savvy Self-Publisher is a series of interviews by publishing veteran Debra Englander with authors who’ve successfully self-published their books. The interviews include comments and advice from publishing experts.
  • Reedsy.com is an online marketplace where editors, designers, illustrators and others offer their services. There is some level of vetting at Reedsy, but Writer Beware doesn’t know how extensive it is, so it’s a good idea to do further research on anyone you’re thinking of approaching.

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